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Is dry eye an environmental disease?

Monica Alves1, Priscila Novaes2, Monica de Andrade Morraye3

  • 1Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.

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Environmental factors like air pollution can cause Environmental Dry Eye Disease (EDED). This review confirms a direct cause-and-effect link between environmental stresses and dry eye disease, aiding in diagnosis and prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Environmental factors, including air pollutants and adverse climate conditions, impact tear film and ocular surface health.
  • These environmental agents trigger inflammatory pathways via specific binding to ocular surface receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence linking environmental factors to ocular surface disease and dry eye.
  • To establish Environmental Dry Eye Disease (EDED) as a distinct clinical entity within the broader context of dry eye disease (DED).

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of published scientific literature.
  • Analysis of clinical reports and epidemiological observations.
  • Examination of indicators, clinical findings, and differential diagnosis for EDED.

Main Results:

  • A direct cause-and-effect relationship between ambient environmental stresses and DED is established.
  • Environmental Dry Eye Disease (EDED) is identified as a singular clinical entity.
  • Indicators and diagnostic criteria for acute and chronic EDED are described.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors are direct mediators of Dry Eye Disease (DED).
  • Understanding EDED aids in identifying susceptible populations and improving DED management.
  • Monitoring environmental conditions can help reduce EDED frequency and progression.