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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Information Processing Approach01:30

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The information-processing theory of cognitive development centers on fundamental mental processes, including attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. Researchers in this field examine how cognitive abilities, such as working memory, evolve and influence children's overall development. Studies indicate that children with stronger working memory tend to excel in reading comprehension, math, and problem-solving compared to peers with less efficient memory skills. Low working memory is...
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Automatic Processing and Automatic Social Behavior01:28

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Automatic processing refers to the cognitive operations that occur without conscious intent or awareness, playing a fundamental role in shaping social cognition and behavior. These processes enable individuals to navigate complex social environments efficiently by relying on mental shortcuts and pre-existing knowledge structures known as schemas. One of the most influential mechanisms underlying automatic processing is priming, which subtly activates mental representations through exposure to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
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Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

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Real-time language comprehension research using the Apple-Psych system.

Mark Beeman1, Morton A Gernsbacher1

  • 1University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.

Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers : a Journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc
|October 14, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Apple-Psych system facilitates language comprehension research by enabling various experimental tasks. This technology is currently being used to measure brain activity during auditory discourse comprehension.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Assessing cognitive processes in language comprehension requires specialized experimental tools.
  • Existing methods may have limitations in flexibility and integration of different stimuli types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and detail the capabilities of the Apple-Psych system for conducting language comprehension experiments.
  • To demonstrate the implementation of standard cognitive tasks within this new system.
  • To report on the ongoing use of the system for electrophysiological data collection.

Main Methods:

  • The Apple-Psych system was developed to present visual and auditory stimuli for language tasks.
  • Implemented tasks include segment-by-segment reading, divided-attention, and crossmodal paradigms.
  • The system currently controls event-related potential (ERP) data acquisition during auditory discourse comprehension.

Main Results:

  • The Apple-Psych system successfully supports the implementation of diverse language comprehension tasks.
  • The system allows for the presentation of stimuli in multiple modalities (visual and auditory).
  • Ongoing research utilizes the system to collect neurophysiological data (ERPs) during complex language processing.

Conclusions:

  • The Apple-Psych system offers a versatile platform for cognitive psychology and neuroscience research.
  • It enables the study of language comprehension through various experimental designs and data collection methods.
  • The system's current application in ERP research highlights its utility for investigating neural correlates of language processing.