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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Current status and future perspectives in differentiated thyroid cancer.

Tae Yong Kim1, Won Gu Kim1, Won Bae Kim1

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Thyroid cancer incidence is rising globally, with environmental factors potentially contributing. Advanced molecular techniques aid diagnosis, while dynamic risk stratification improves long-term patient monitoring and treatment strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Environmental Health
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Global increase in thyroid cancer incidence, with debated causes.
  • Environmental chemicals are suspected contributors to thyroid carcinogenesis.
  • Molecular studies highlight the role of environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer and potential environmental causes.
  • To discuss advanced molecular techniques for thyroid cancer diagnosis.
  • To review current and emerging treatment strategies for differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing next-generation sequencing for mutation detection in thyroid cancer.
  • Analyzing the efficacy of radioiodine remnant ablation and optimal dosage for metastatic DTC.
  • Implementing dynamic risk stratification (DRS) using stimulated thyroglobulin levels.
  • Investigating redifferentiation and targeted therapies for iodine-refractory metastatic disease.

Main Results:

  • Next-generation sequencing enables specific diagnosis in indeterminate cases.
  • Dynamic risk stratification accurately predicts disease-free survival.
  • Sorafenib and Selumetinib show promise for advanced or refractory DTC.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental factors may play a role in thyroid cancer development.
  • Advanced molecular diagnostics and DRS improve patient management.
  • Targeted and redifferentiation therapies offer new hope for refractory DTC.