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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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Translational control in germline stem cell development.

Maija Slaidina1, Ruth Lehmann2

  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016 Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016.

The Journal of Cell Biology
|October 15, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stem cells decide whether to renew or differentiate, crucial for development and adult tissue maintenance. Genetic studies in fruit flies reveal complex gene networks controlling this vital stem cell fate decision through feedback loops.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Stem cells are essential for tissue development and maintenance throughout life.
  • Stem cells possess the unique ability to self-renew or differentiate into specialized cell types.
  • Precise regulation of stem cell self-renewal versus differentiation is critical for organ growth and homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the regulatory networks governing stem cell fate decisions in the germline.
  • To understand how the switch between stem cell self-renewal and differentiation is controlled.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic genetic studies were performed in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly).
  • Analysis focused on regulatory networks controlling stem cell behavior in the germline.

Main Results:

  • Extensive regulatory networks controlling stem cell self-renewal and differentiation were identified.
  • These networks primarily utilize mutual translational repression.
  • Interlocked feedback loops were found to provide robustness to the fate decision.

Conclusions:

  • Complex genetic networks, employing translational repression and feedback loops, tightly regulate stem cell fate decisions.
  • These mechanisms ensure reliable control over stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, vital for organismal development and health.