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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

Polymers

Polymers

Polymers

Polymers

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...

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Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Interactively illustrating polymerization using three-level model fusion.

Ivan Kolesar¹, Julius Parulek, Ivan Viola

¹Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway. Ivan.Kolesar@UiB.no.

BMC Bioinformatics

|October 16, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel hybrid modeling method for visualizing polymerization processes in cell biology. The approach integrates multiple modeling techniques to bridge different scales, enhancing understanding of physiological emergence.

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Area of Science:

Cell Biology
Physiology
Biomedical Research

Background:

Cell biology research continually advances understanding of physiological processes, molecular structures, and functions.
Spatio-temporal illustrations of these processes are vital for both biomedical education and in-silico scientific experimentation.

Purpose of the Study:

To present a novel, three-level hybrid modeling approach for illustrating physiological polymerization processes.
To integrate physical and empirical modeling strategies tailored to different levels of detail.
To enable interactive steering during the illustration of these dynamic biological processes.

Main Methods:

Developed a three-level modeling framework integrating physical and empirical approaches.
Implemented interactive steering capabilities for real-time process visualization.
Applied and validated the approach across various polymerization processes.

Main Results:

Demonstrated the effectiveness of the hybrid modeling approach for illustrating polymerization.
Successfully integrated different modeling techniques to bridge spatial and temporal scales.
Received positive feedback from domain experts on the approach's utility.

Conclusions:

The proposed hybrid modeling approach effectively illustrates emergent physiological processes within complex environments.
The fusion of three complementary systems leverages the strengths of different modeling paradigms.
This method successfully bridges diverse spatial and temporal scales in physiological modeling.