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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
The CRISPR-Cas system stores a copy of foreign DNA in the host genome and uses it to identify the foreign DNA upon reinfection. CRISPR-Cas has three different...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Genomics02:02

Genomics

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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Genome Engineering of Primary Human B Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9
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Genome Engineering of Primary Human B Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9

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Genome modification by CRISPR/Cas9.

Yuanwu Ma1, Lianfeng Zhang, Xingxu Huang

  • 1Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.

The FEBS Journal
|October 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The CRISPR-Cas9 system offers rapid and efficient genome editing for diverse applications. Further research is needed to enhance its specificity and mitigate off-target mutations for broader use.

Keywords:
CRISPRCas9gene targetinggenome editingsgRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated protein (Cas)9 system is a powerful tool for genome modification.
  • Its efficiency and versatility have led to widespread adoption in biological research and therapeutic development.
  • CRISPR-Cas9 facilitates gene expression regulation and genomic locus labeling for studying biological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the capabilities and applications of the CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing system.
  • To highlight the importance of specificity in CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
  • To discuss ongoing efforts and future directions for improving CRISPR-Cas9 specificity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
  • Analysis of studies investigating CRISPR-Cas9 off-target effects.
  • Discussion of strategies for enhancing CRISPR-Cas9 specificity.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas9 enables rapid and efficient genome editing across various organisms.
  • The system is utilized for diverse applications, including gene regulation and biological mechanism exploration.
  • Off-target mutations remain a concern, necessitating further improvements in specificity.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas9 is a transformative technology in genetic engineering with broad applicability.
  • Enhancing the specificity of CRISPR-Cas9 is crucial for its safe and effective use in research and therapeutics.
  • Continued research is essential to overcome limitations and maximize the potential of CRISPR-Cas9.