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Related Concept Videos

Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

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The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

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The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

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Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to...
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Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

58
The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
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The intestinal microbiota and microenvironment in liver.

Hong-Di Ma1, Yin-Hu Wang1, Christopher Chang2

  • 1Liver Immunology Laboratory, Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|October 16, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The gut microbiome influences autoimmune diseases. Alterations in the gut-liver axis, involving microbial agents and immune responses, contribute to autoimmune liver and inflammatory bowel diseases.

Keywords:
Gut–liver axisInflammatory bowel diseaseIntestinal microbiotaMucosal immunityPrimary biliary cirrhosisPrimary sclerosing cholangitis

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • The intestinal microbiome is implicated in autoimmune diseases, particularly inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • A strong association exists between autoimmune liver diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases, suggesting a critical role for the gut-liver axis.
  • The liver's unique vascular positioning facilitates interactions between immune cells and environmental factors, potentially disrupting immune tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationship between the gut microbiome and the development of autoimmune liver diseases.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the gut-liver axis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.
  • To investigate the role of environmental factors and the innate immune system in initiating these disease processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the gut-liver axis and autoimmune diseases.
  • Analysis of the interplay between microbial agents, immune cells, and cytokines.
  • Examination of the role of toll-like receptors in the innate immune response within the liver.

Main Results:

  • The gut-liver axis involves complex interactions of inflammatory cells, cytokines, and chemokines, leading to liver architecture destruction.
  • Variations in the gut microbiome are a significant factor in the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver disease and other autoimmune conditions.
  • The innate immune system, particularly toll-like receptors, plays a crucial role in the development of autoimmune liver disease.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiome and gut-liver axis are central to the pathogenesis of autoimmune liver diseases and inflammatory bowel diseases.
  • Environmental factors and microbial agents can trigger inflammatory events that disrupt immune tolerance.
  • Understanding these pathways is crucial for developing targeted therapies for autoimmune liver diseases.