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Epistaxis in end stage liver disease masquerading as severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Marine Camus1, Dennis M Jensen1, Jason D Matthews1
1Marine Camus, Dennis M Jensen, Gordon V Ohning, Thomas O Kovacs, Rome Jutabha, Kevin A Ghassemi, Gustavo A Machicado, Gareth S Dulai, CURE Hemostasis Research Group, CURE Digestive Diseases Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
Aim:
To describe the prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of end stage liver disease (ESLD) patients with severe epistaxis thought to be severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGIH).
Methods:
This observational single center study included all consecutive patients with ESLD and epistaxis identified from consecutive subjects hospitalized with suspected UGIH and prospectively enrolled in our databases of severe UGIH between 1998 and 2011.
Results:
A total of 1249 patients were registered for severe UGIH in the data basis, 461 (36.9%) were cirrhotics. Epistaxis rather than UGIH was the bleeding source in 20 patients. All patients had severe coagulopathy. Epistaxis was initially controlled in all cases. Fifteen (75%) subjects required posterior nasal packing and 2 (10%) embolization in addition to correction of coagulopathy. Five (25%) patients died in the hospital, 12 (60%) received orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), and 3 (15%) were discharged without OLT. The mortality rate was 63% in patients without OLT.
Conclusion:
Severe epistaxis in patients with ESLD is (1) a diagnosis of exclusion that requires upper endoscopy to exclude severe UGIH; and (2) associated with a high mortality rate in patients not receiving OLT.
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