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Updated: Apr 22, 2026

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
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An improved low-optical-power variable focus lens with a large aperture.

Lihui Wang, Hiromasa Oku, Masatoshi Ishikawa

    Optics Express
    |October 17, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers developed a novel variable focus lens using in-plane pretension force on a membrane. This innovation enables large optical apertures and high performance, particularly in low-power applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Mechanical Engineering

    Background:

    • Traditional variable focus lenses often face limitations in aperture size and performance, especially in low optical power regimes.
    • Fabrication methods for tunable lenses can be complex and may not achieve desired optical quality.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To introduce an improved fabrication method for variable focus lenses utilizing in-plane pretension force.
    • To demonstrate a lens design capable of achieving a large optical aperture and high performance.
    • To validate the efficacy of the proposed method through simulation and experimental testing.

    Main Methods:

    • An in-plane pretension force was applied to a membrane during lens fabrication.
    • Finite element method (FEM) simulations were used to compare membrane behaviors under tension.

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  • A prototype lens with a 26 mm aperture was constructed.
  • Wavefront behavior was experimentally measured using a Shack-Hartmann sensor.

    • Main Results:

    • The in-plane pretension method successfully produced a lens with a large optical aperture.
    • Simulations using the finite element method validated the mechanical behavior of the membranes.
    • The fabricated prototype achieved an infinite focal length.
    • Wavefront error was measured at 105.1 nm root mean square (RMS) for the infinite focal length state.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed method of applying in-plane pretension force is effective for fabricating high-performance variable focus lenses.
    • The technique allows for large optical apertures and excellent wavefront quality, suitable for low-optical-power applications.
    • Experimental validation confirmed the theoretical predictions and demonstrated the practical viability of the lens design.