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Related Concept Videos

Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia01:26

Cellular Adaptation III: Hyperplasia

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Hyperplasia is an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ due to enhanced cell division. It is an adaptive, controlled response to stimuli such as injury, hormones, or stress, involving mitosis to produce genetically identical cells and support tissue repair and regeneration.Tissue CapacityCertain tissues, including the epidermis, intestinal epithelium, bone marrow, and fibroblasts, have a high potential for hyperplasia. Others, such as bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle, show...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

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Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Sectioning Mammary Gland Whole Mounts for Lesion Identification
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[Focal nodular liver hyperplasia].

S A Pyshkin, D L Borisov, V G Maslov

    Khirurgiia
    |October 21, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Focal nodular hyperplasia, once rare, is now frequently diagnosed. Surgical treatment offers a cure for this benign liver tumor, with improved diagnostics guiding management decisions.

    Area of Science:

    • Hepatology
    • Surgical Oncology
    • Diagnostic Imaging

    Background:

    • Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) was historically considered a rare liver tumor.
    • Underdeveloped diagnostic capabilities contributed to its perceived rarity.
    • Initial management often involved exploratory laparotomy for diagnosis.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the frequency and treatment outcomes of focal nodular hyperplasia.
    • To analyze changes in diagnostic and management strategies over time.
    • To assess the long-term efficacy of surgical intervention for FNH.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 1425 patients diagnosed with FNH over 17 years.
    • Comparison of data from two distinct time periods.
    • Review of own clinical experience and existing literature data.

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    Main Results:

    • Improved diagnostic techniques have increased the detection rate of FNH.
    • Management evolved from mandatory surgery to a more nuanced approach including observation.
    • Surgical resection demonstrated a persistent cure for FNH.

    Conclusions:

    • Focal nodular hyperplasia management has evolved significantly with diagnostic advancements.
    • Surgical treatment remains a definitive option for achieving a cure.
    • Dynamic observation is appropriate for select cases based on improved understanding and outcomes.