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Related Concept Videos

Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

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Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
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Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
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Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
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OverviewOxygenic photosynthesis plays a central role in the global carbon and oxygen cycles. The carbohydrates produced support nearly all food webs, while the oxygen by‑product enables aerobic life.Light‑dependent and light‑independent reactionsPhotosynthesis occurs in two main stages, each in a different part of the chloroplast: light‑dependent reactions and light‑independent reactions, also called the Calvin‑Benson cycle or simply the Calvin...
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Some cycloaddition reactions are activated by heat, while others are initiated by light. For example, a [2 + 2] cycloaddition between two ethylene molecules occurs only in the presence of light. It is photochemically allowed but thermally forbidden.
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Carboxylic acids react with alcohols to yield esters via an acid-catalyzed condensation reaction called Fischer esterification. This is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction that proceeds via a tetrahedral intermediate, where a water molecule is eliminated as the leaving group.
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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Silanediol-catalyzed carbon dioxide fixation.

Andrea M Hardman-Baldwin1, Anita E Mattson

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 W. 18thAve., Columbus, Ohio 43210 (USA) http://mattson.group.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/

Chemsuschem
|October 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mildly transforming carbon dioxide (CO2) into valuable products is challenging. Silanediols effectively catalyze the conversion of epoxides to cyclic carbonates using CO2 under mild, environmentally friendly conditions, yielding excellent results.

Keywords:
carbon dioxidecyclic carbonatehydrogen-bond donorsmetal-free catalysissilanediol

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a readily available and sustainable C1 feedstock.
  • Efficient chemical transformations utilizing CO2 under mild conditions remain a significant challenge in synthetic chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an atom-efficient catalytic system for the conversion of epoxides to cyclic carbonates using CO2.
  • To explore the efficacy of silanediols as organocatalysts for CO2 utilization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized silanediols as hydrogen-bond donor organocatalysts.
  • Investigated the reaction between various epoxides and CO2 at atmospheric pressure.
  • Employed environmentally friendly reaction conditions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved efficient conversion of epoxides to cyclic carbonates.
  • Demonstrated the catalytic activity of silanediols in CO2 utilization.
  • Obtained cyclic carbonates in excellent yields across a range of epoxide substrates.

Conclusions:

  • Silanediols are effective organocatalysts for the mild and atom-efficient synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2.
  • The developed method offers a sustainable route for CO2 valorization under environmentally benign conditions.