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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

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Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
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In Vitro Growth of Mouse Preantral Follicles Under Simulated Microgravity
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How microgravity changes galectin-3 in thyroid follicles.

Elisabetta Albi1, Francesco Curcio2, Andrea Lazzarini3

  • 1Laboratory of Nuclear Lipid BioPathology, CRABiON, 06100 Perugia, Italy.

Biomed Research International
|October 21, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spaceflight alters thyroid tissue. Microgravity causes changes in cell markers, with Galectin-3 diffusing into the colloid, suggesting gravity influences molecular distribution in thyroid cells.

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Area of Science:

  • * Space biology
  • * Endocrinology
  • * Cell biology

Background:

  • * Long-term microgravity exposure induces specific changes in the thyroid gland in vivo.
  • * Follicles enlarge, thyrocytes increase cAMP production, and expression of thyrotropin-receptor, caveolin-1, sphingomyelinase, and sphingomyelin-synthase rises.
  • * Parafollicular C cells are lost, reducing calcitonin production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To investigate the expression and localization of four immunohistochemical tumor markers (HBME-1, MIB-1, CK19, and Galectin-3) in mouse thyroids after 90 days on the International Space Station.
  • * To understand the impact of microgravity on these specific thyroid markers.

Main Methods:

  • * Mice were housed in the Mouse Drawer System on the International Space Station for 90 days.
  • * Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to study HBME-1, MIB-1, CK19, and Galectin-3 expression.
  • * Analysis focused on changes in marker expression and cellular localization.

Main Results:

  • * MIB-1 proliferative index and CK19 showed negative expression.
  • * HBME-1 and Galectin-3 were overexpressed.
  • * Galectin-3 exhibited unusual diffusion from thyrocytes into the colloid.

Conclusions:

  • * Microgravity significantly alters the expression and localization of thyroid tumor markers.
  • * The altered distribution of Galectin-3 in microgravity suggests gravity's role in maintaining molecular localization within thyroid cells.
  • * Membrane remodeling induced by microgravity may facilitate Galectin-3 diffusion into the colloid.