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Related Concept Videos

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

2
DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...
2

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury
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Diagnosing pseudobulbar affect in traumatic brain injury.

William Engelman1, Flora M Hammond2, James F Malec2

  • 1Health Economics and Epidemiology, Evidera, Lexington, MA, USA.

Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
|October 23, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) is a neurological condition causing involuntary emotional outbursts. This review highlights PBA in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, emphasizing its frequent misdiagnosis and undertreatment.

Keywords:
complicationscryingdifferential diagnosislaughingtraumatic brain injury

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Pseudobulbar affect (PBA) involves involuntary emotional expression due to brain injury or neurological disease.
  • PBA affects a significant percentage (5.3%-48.2%) of individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • PBA is often overlooked and misdiagnosed as depression or other mood disorders in TBI patients, leading to undertreatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the signs and symptoms of PBA in TBI patients.
  • To differentiate PBA from similar conditions like depression.
  • To compare diagnostic criteria and discuss treatment options for PBA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PBA in TBI.
  • Comparison of diagnostic criteria for PBA.
  • Discussion of clinical presentation and treatment challenges.

Main Results:

  • PBA is characterized by episodes of uncontrollable crying or laughing.
  • Distinguishing PBA from mood disorders requires careful clinical assessment.
  • Various diagnostic criteria exist, and appropriate treatments are available but often delayed.

Conclusions:

  • PBA is an underrecognized condition in TBI survivors.
  • Accurate diagnosis and timely treatment are crucial for managing PBA.
  • Further awareness and standardized diagnostic approaches are needed.