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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Human tumor viruses, first discovered in the mid-20th century, are linked to a significant portion of human cancers.
  • Seven specific viruses, including Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Hepatitis B virus (HBV), are consistently associated with various human malignancies.
  • Viral infections are estimated to cause up to 20% of all cancer cases globally.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the established criteria for determining viral causation of cancer.
  • To identify human tumor viruses that meet these causation criteria.
  • To detail the epidemiological, biological, and molecular characteristics of these oncogenic viruses and their associated cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on viral oncology.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data linking viral infections to cancer incidence.
  • Examination of molecular mechanisms underlying virus-induced cellular transformation.

Main Results:

  • Identification of seven human viruses consistently linked to cancer: EBV, KSHV, high-risk HPV, MCPV, HBV, HCV, and HTLV-1.
  • Elucidation of viral oncogenic mechanisms, including genomic instability, altered cell proliferation, apoptosis resistance, DNA repair disruption, and immune evasion.
  • Discussion of indirect oncogenic pathways such as chronic inflammation and immunosuppression.

Conclusions:

  • Viruses play a significant role in human carcinogenesis through direct and indirect mechanisms.
  • Understanding viral oncogenesis is crucial for cancer prevention and treatment strategies.
  • Further research into viral-cancer interactions can lead to novel therapeutic targets.