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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

5.6K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
5.6K
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

7.0K
Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
7.0K
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

8
Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
8
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

11
Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
11
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

7
Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
7
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

7
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence...
7

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model

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[Thyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system].

Magdalena Maria Fraczek, Katarzyna Łacka

    Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski : Organ Polskiego Towarzystwa Lekarskiego
    |October 28, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    Thyroid hormones significantly impact cardiovascular function, influencing heart rate, contractility, and vascular resistance. Understanding these effects is key for managing cardiovascular diseases and thyroid disorders.

    Area of Science:

    • Cardiovascular endocrinology
    • Thyroid hormone signaling

    Context:

    • Thyroid hormones (TH) exert profound effects on the cardiovascular system via genomic and nongenomic pathways.
    • TRalpha1 is the predominant thyroid hormone receptor in cardiac tissue.
    • TH regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation, cardiac function, and vascular tone.

    Purpose:

    • To elucidate the multifaceted roles of thyroid hormones in cardiovascular physiology and pathology.
    • To highlight the clinical implications of thyroid hormone imbalances in cardiovascular disease.
    • To explore therapeutic strategies targeting thyroid hormone receptors.

    Summary:

    • Hyperthyroidism leads to a hyperdynamic cardiovascular state with enhanced cardiac function, while hypothyroidism causes opposite effects.
    • TH modulate peripheral vascular resistance, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), blood volume, and erythropoiesis, impacting cardiac preload and output.

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  • TH influence cardiac electrophysiology, lipid profiles, and possess protective effects against myocardial ischemic injury and cardiac remodeling.

    • Impact:

    • TH are critical for maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis; imbalances contribute to various cardiac conditions.
    • Low T3 syndrome is prevalent in acute and chronic cardiac diseases, underscoring TH's importance.
    • Targeting specific thyroid hormone receptors (e.g., TRbeta1) offers potential therapeutic avenues for dyslipidemia and cardiovascular complications.