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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Structural insights into translational recoding by frameshift suppressor tRNASufJ.

Crystal E Fagan1, Tatsuya Maehigashi1, Jack A Dunkle1

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.

RNA (New York, N.Y.)
|October 30, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Frameshift suppressor tRNA(SufJ) has an expanded anticodon loop, causing tRNA distortion that drives noncanonical translation events like frameshifting. This research clarifies the molecular mechanisms behind translation accuracy and errors.

Keywords:
X-ray crystal structureanticodon stem–loopdecodingmRNAreading frameribosome

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Accurate protein expression relies on strict regulation of the three-nucleotide mRNA reading frame during translation.
  • Translation errors, including frameshifting, can arise from uncoupled tRNA movement on mRNA, leading to aberrant protein production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To biochemically and structurally characterize the +1 frameshift suppressor tRNA(SufJ), which decodes four nucleotides.
  • To elucidate the role of the expanded anticodon loop in tRNA(SufJ) function and its impact on ribosomal interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to assess tRNA-ribosome interactions.
  • X-ray crystallography for structural determination of tRNA anticodon stem loops (ASLs) bound to the ribosome.
  • Computational modeling to analyze tRNA conformation and interactions.

Main Results:

  • The expanded anticodon loop of tRNA(SufJ) did not alter its affinity for the ribosome's A site.
  • Structural analysis revealed a conformational change in the anticodon stem of ASL(SufJ) due to a unique nucleotide insertion.
  • This conformational change repositions and tilts the ASL, potentially distorting full-length tRNA(SufJ) and hindering its interaction with the ribosome.

Conclusions:

  • tRNA distortion, induced by structural alterations like the anticodon loop expansion in tRNA(SufJ), is a key factor in noncanonical translation events.
  • The findings provide insights into the molecular basis of frameshifting and the mechanisms maintaining translation fidelity.