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Fluctuation-induced pressures in fluids in thermal nonequilibrium steady states
T R Kirkpatrick1, J M Ortiz de Zárate2, J V Sengers3
1Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20877, USA and Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
Abstract:
Correlations in fluids in nonequilibrium steady states are long range. Hence, finite-size effects have important consequences in the nonequilibrium thermodynamics of fluids. One consequence is that nonequilibrium temperature fluctuations induce nonequilibrium Casimir-like pressures proportional to the square of the temperature gradient. Hence, fluctuations cause a breakdown of the concept of local thermal equilibrium. Furthermore, transport coefficients become dependent on boundary conditions and on gravity. Thus nonequilibrium fluctuations affect some traditional concepts in nonequilibrium thermodynamics.
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