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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
Published on: October 30, 2013
Predictors of outcome in bladder cancer
John B Eifler1, Daniel A Barocas1, Matthew J Resnick2
1From the Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, and Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee.
Abstract:
Tumor stage and grade have largely been responsible for directing treatment algorithms in bladder cancer. However, the considerable heterogeneity of tumor biology in bladder cancer is incompletely characterized by stage and grade alone, and recent efforts to improve predictive models in bladder cancer may significantly improve accuracy and calibration. This article addresses how current nomograms and risk tables may be best used to individualize bladder cancer management.

