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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

Published on: January 31, 2019

High-performance magnetic sensorics for printable and flexible electronics.

Daniil Karnaushenko¹, Denys Makarov, Max Stöber

¹Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden (IFW Dresden), Dresden, 01069, Germany.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|November 5, 2014

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

High-performance printed giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors operate across consumer temperatures, offering high sensitivity for smart packaging and energy-efficient switches. These flexible magnetosensors achieve up to 37% GMR, enabling advanced electronic applications.

Keywords:

GMR multilayers flexible GMR sensors flexible electronics printable electronics printable magnetic sensorics

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrical Engineering
Nanotechnology

Background:

Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) sensors offer high sensitivity for magnetic field detection.
Flexible electronics are crucial for developing novel applications in smart packaging and energy-efficient devices.
Integrating high-performance sensors onto flexible substrates presents significant manufacturing challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop high-performance giant magnetoresistive (GMR) sensorics printed on flexible circuitry.
To evaluate the operational capabilities of these printed sensors across the consumer temperature range.
To demonstrate the potential of printed magnetoelectronics for smart packaging and energy-efficient switches.

Main Methods:

Printing GMR sensorics at predefined locations on flexible circuitry.
Testing sensor performance, including giant magnetoresistance (GMR) and sensitivity, over the consumer temperature range.
Characterizing the operational parameters at specific magnetic field strengths (e.g., 130 mT).

Main Results:

Successfully realized high-performance GMR sensorics printed on flexible circuitry.
Demonstrated full operational capability of printed magnetosensors across the consumer temperature range.
Achieved a maximum GMR of 37% and a sensitivity of 0.93 T(-1) at 130 mT.

Conclusions:

Printed magnetoelectronics using GMR sensorics are feasible and maintain high performance.
The developed sensors are suitable for applications requiring operation across a wide temperature range.
This technology enables the control of flexible active electronics for smart packaging and energy-efficient switches.