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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
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Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
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The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
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Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
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The "pancake" adrenal.

Virginia B Planz1, Raymond B Dyer

  • 1Department of Radiology, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA, vplanz@wakehealth.edu.

Abdominal Imaging
|November 5, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The "pancake kidney" appearance of the adrenal gland signals a missing kidney. This finding necessitates further investigation for renal agenesis or ectopic kidney, which may indicate other congenital anomalies.

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Area of Science:

  • Radiology
  • Pediatric Imaging
  • Congenital Anomalies

Background:

  • The "pancake kidney" is a descriptive term for adrenal gland morphology.
  • This appearance is associated with the absence of the ipsilateral kidney in the renal fossa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the significance of the "pancake kidney" sign.
  • To emphasize the need for thorough evaluation when this sign is detected.

Main Methods:

  • Review of imaging findings.
  • Correlation with clinical data.

Main Results:

  • The "pancake kidney" appearance is a reliable indicator of renal agenesis or ectopic kidney.
  • These renal anomalies are frequently associated with other congenital abnormalities.

Conclusions:

  • The "pancake kidney" sign warrants immediate and comprehensive patient assessment.
  • Early detection aids in managing associated congenital anomalies.