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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

1.7K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
1.7K
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

2.4K
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
2.4K
Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

1.6K
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
1.6K
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

77.4K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
77.4K
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

2.4K
Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
2.4K
Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:18

Respiratory Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

2.2K
Respiratory compensation is a vital physiological process that stabilizes blood plasma pH by regulating the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), a key determinant of pH levels. Most carbon dioxide in the blood dissolves and converts into carbonic acid (H2CO3). It dissociates into hydrogen ions (H+) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3⁻). There is also an inverse relationship between PCO2​​ and pH.
When carbon dioxide levels increase in the blood, more H+ and HCO3⁻ are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
09:41

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

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Drug-induced acid-base disorders.

Daniel Kitterer1, Matthias Schwab, M Dominik Alscher

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Robert Bosch Hospital, Auerbachstr. 110, 70376, Stuttgart, Germany, daniel.kitterer@rbk.de.

Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|November 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Acid-base disorders (ABDs) are common in hospitalized patients and indicate serious conditions. This review classifies drug-induced ABDs into five categories based on their underlying pathophysiology.

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical Medicine
  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Acid-base disorders (ABDs) are prevalent, particularly in hospitalized patients.
  • ABDs often signify severe underlying systemic diseases.
  • Standardized analysis of ABDs is crucial for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To classify drug-induced acid-base disorders based on pathophysiology.
  • To provide a framework for understanding and diagnosing iatrogenic ABDs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing knowledge on drug-induced ABDs.
  • Classification of drug-induced ABDs into five pathophysiological categories.
  • Identification of diagnostic tools like anion gap and osmolar gap.

Main Results:

  • Drug-induced ABDs are categorized into: 1) metabolic acidosis (acid overload or decreased excretion), 2) base loss (proximal RTA), 3) alkalosis (acid/chloride loss), 4) exogenous bicarbonate loads, and 5) respiratory disturbances.
  • Specific drug examples are provided for each category.
  • Anion gap and serum osmolar gap are highlighted as sensitive diagnostic tools.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic classification of drug-induced ABDs aids in clinical diagnosis and management.
  • Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms is key to identifying and treating these disorders.
  • Pharmacological interventions can significantly impact acid-base balance, necessitating careful monitoring.