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Related Concept Videos

Average Acceleration01:30

Average Acceleration

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The importance of understanding acceleration spans our day-to-day experiences, as well as the vast reaches of outer space and the tiny world of subatomic physics. In everyday conversation, to accelerate means to speed up. For instance, we are familiar with the acceleration of our car; the harder we apply our foot to the gas pedal, the faster we accelerate. The greater the acceleration, the greater the change in velocity over a given time. Acceleration is widely seen in experimental physics. In...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
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Radiation: Applications01:17

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The average temperature of Earth is the subject of much current discussion. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space; it receives almost all its energy from the radiation of the Sun and reflects some of it into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth radiates energy into it. For instance, heat transfer occurs from soil and grasses, the rate of which can be so rapid that frost can occur on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes.
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Positron Emission Tomography01:29

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Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
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Mass Spectrometers01:16

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This lesson details the instrumentation of a mass spectrometer—a physical instrument to perform mass spectrometry on analyte molecules and record the characteristic mass spectra. This is achieved via three chief functions:
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Use of a Linear Accelerator for Conducting In Vitro Radiobiology Experiments
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Medical physics--particle accelerators--the beginning.

Jeremy C Ganz

    Progress in Brain Research
    |November 8, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Early particle accelerators evolved from linear designs to cyclotrons, pioneered by Ernest Lawrence. This shift enabled more powerful machines in smaller sizes, influencing early radiation therapy and particle research.

    Keywords:
    artificial radiationcyclotronlinear acceleratorneutron therapyparticle acceleratorprotonsradioisotopes

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    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Medical Physics
    • Particle Accelerator Technology

    Background:

    • Exploration of early particle accelerator designs, focusing on the transition from linear accelerators to cyclotrons.
    • Biographical insights into Ernest and John Lawrence and their contributions to accelerator physics.

    Observation:

    • The evolution of particle accelerators aimed to increase power while reducing machine size.
    • Introduction of artificial radiation concepts and initial applications in patient treatment.

    Findings:

    • The chapter details the rationale behind redesigning accelerators, specifically the shift to cyclotrons.
    • Discusses the exploration and subsequent abandonment of neutron therapy.
    • Highlights the initial applications of proton therapy in medical contexts.

    Implications:

    • The development of cyclotrons was crucial for advancing particle physics and medical applications.
    • Early therapeutic attempts, though sometimes abandoned, laid groundwork for modern radiation oncology.
    • Understanding historical accelerator development provides context for current technological advancements.