The science behind non-pharmacological interventions

The elderly population is rising in number, and along with it, the distribution of neuropsychiatric disorders is also increasing. These disorders pose a challenge in treating them effectively in a timely manner. As most geriatric patients have comorbidities, the side effects of multiple medications, including drugs for neuropsychiatric disorders, cumulatively impair their well-being. To decrease the drug doses and hence the side effects, Non-Pharmacological Interventions (NPIs) pave a prominent pathway for the handling of patients. Cognitive stimulation therapy, mindfulness and meditation, music and art therapy, physical activity, social engagement, occupational therapy, reminiscence therapy, and technology-assisted interventions are the treatment modalities of neuropsychiatric disorders. In conjunction with the outcomes of these interventions on neuropsychiatric disorders, their limitations, challenges, and future directions are also explored. Though these evidence-based therapies are beneficial, optimal guidelines, a shortage of skilled therapy providers, long-term outcomes, and knowledge about the mechanism of action are inadequate. Finally, engaging in social interaction, daily exercise, and having a creative hobby, such as drawing and listening to music, delays the worsening of neuropsychiatric symptoms in the aging population. In this chapter, we aim to review the science behind NPIs for neuropsychiatric disorders extensively.