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Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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Preterm birth and structural brain alterations in early adulthood.

Chiara Nosarti1, Kie Woo Nam1, Muriel Walshe1

  • 1Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's Health Partners, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58AF London, UK.

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Very preterm birth is linked to lasting brain structure changes in young adults, affecting grey and white matter volumes. These brain alterations correlate with gestational age and impact cognitive functions like IQ and memory.

Keywords:
Brain volumeCognitive outcomeGrey matterVery pretermWhite matter

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Very preterm (VPT) birth can impact neurodevelopmental outcomes.
  • Previous studies focused on childhood and adolescence, with limited research on early adult brain structure in VPT individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volumes in VPT young adults.
  • To examine the association between these brain alterations, gestational age, and cognitive outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to analyze structural MRI data from 68 VPT individuals and 43 term-born controls (aged 19-20 years).
  • Cognitive assessments included IQ, executive function, and non-verbal memory tests.

Main Results:

  • VPT adults showed reduced GM volume in temporal, frontal, insular, occipital areas, thalamus, caudate nucleus, and putamen, with increased GM in medial/anterior frontal gyrus.
  • Smaller subcortical WM volumes were found in temporal, parietal, and frontal regions, and near the corpus callosum/thalamus/fornix.
  • WM volume alterations, particularly in subcortical and posterior regions, were associated with gestational age and significantly predicted cognitive outcomes (IQ, executive function, non-verbal memory).

Conclusions:

  • Very preterm birth is associated with persistent structural brain alterations in early adulthood.
  • These neuroanatomical changes correlate with gestational age and mediate cognitive performance.
  • Further research is needed to determine if these are developmental delays or lasting effects of prematurity.