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Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
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Pestiviruses.

Matthias Schweizer1, Ernst Peterhans

  • 1Institute of Veterinary Virology, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland; email: matthias.schweizer@vetsuisse.unibe.ch , ernst.peterhans@vetsuisse.unibe.ch.

Annual Review of Animal Biosciences
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PubMed
Summary

Pestiviruses, like Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV), cause significant diseases in livestock. Persistent infections in ruminants are linked to specific viral strategies that evade the immune system, but removing infected animals can eradicate the virus.

Keywords:
BDVBVDVBorder disease virusCSFVIFN antagonistbovine viral diarrhea virusclassical swine fever virusepidemiologyevolutioninnate immunity

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Pestiviruses cause significant economic losses in domestic ruminants and pigs.
  • These viruses can infect various wild even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla).
  • Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Border Disease Virus can establish transient or persistent infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of persistent pestivirus infections in ruminants.
  • To understand the role of viral interferon antagonists in immune evasion.
  • To explore the epidemiological dynamics and control strategies for pestivirus infections.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of viral nucleotide sequences during persistent infections.
  • Study of cellular and humoral immunotolerance in persistently infected animals.
  • Review of data from successful Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) control programs.

Main Results:

  • Persistent infections (PI) are characterized by cellular and humoral immunotolerance to the infecting pestivirus strain.
  • Viral interferon antagonists are crucial for establishing persistence by inactivating innate immune responses.
  • Approximately 1-2% of animals are persistently infected at epidemiological equilibrium.
  • Nucleotide sequences of ruminant pestiviruses show limited change during PI but high overall heterogeneity, suggesting long-term coevolution.
  • Removal of PI animals is an effective strategy for viral extinction in host populations.

Conclusions:

  • Persistent pestivirus infections rely on viral strategies to establish immune tolerance.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to developing effective control strategies.
  • The long history of virus-host coevolution favors the success of avirulent pestivirus strains.