Black henbane and its toxicity - a descriptive review

Area of Science:

• Ethnobotany
• Clinical Toxicology
• Pharmacology

Background:

• Black henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) has a long history of medicinal use across traditional systems.
• All parts of the plant contain toxic tropane alkaloids, including hyoscyamine, atropine, and scopolamine.
• Despite therapeutic potential, accidental or intentional poisoning is a significant concern.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the ethnobotanical uses, pharmacological properties, and clinical manifestations of Black henbane poisoning.
• To outline the diagnostic criteria and management strategies for acute Black henbane intoxication.
• To emphasize the importance of awareness among healthcare providers regarding Black henbane toxicity.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of traditional medicine, pharmacology, and toxicology studies related to Black henbane.
• Compilation of clinical case reports and established treatment protocols for plant-induced poisoning.
• Synthesis of information on alkaloid content, pharmacological actions, and poisoning symptoms.

Main Results:

• Black henbane exhibits diverse pharmacological effects, including sedative, anticholinergic, and hallucinogenic properties.
• Acute poisoning presents with a wide spectrum of anticholinergic symptoms (e.g., mydriasis, tachycardia, dry mouth, delirium, hallucinations).
• Management focuses on supportive care, gastric decontamination, activated charcoal, and benzodiazepines for agitation.

Conclusions:

• Black henbane poisoning is a serious condition requiring prompt recognition and management.
• Healthcare professionals, especially in emergency settings, must be knowledgeable about its toxicity.
• Understanding the plant's properties is crucial for preventing and treating poisoning incidents.