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Related Concept Videos

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors01:52

Eukaryotic Transcription Inhibitors

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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
Eukaryotic transcription inhibitors usually contain two distinct domains, a...
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Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

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The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
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Co-activators and Co-repressors02:04

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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 21, 2026

In Vitro Selection of Engineered Transcriptional Repressors for Targeted Epigenetic Silencing
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Modes of TAL effector-mediated repression.

Jeannette Werner1, Manfred Gossen2

  • 1Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht (HZG), Institute of Biomaterial Science, Teltow 14513, Germany Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin 13125, Germany Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Föhrer Strasse 15, 13353 Berlin, Germany.

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|November 13, 2014
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Summary

Engineered transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) offer flexible DNA targeting. These designer proteins can function as transcription factors, acting as silencers or activators to control gene expression in mammalian cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Synthetic Biology
  • Genetic Engineering

Background:

  • Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are engineered DNA-binding proteins.
  • TALEs can be fused with regulatory domains to create designer transcription factors.
  • TetR-based systems are widely used in eukaryotic transcriptional control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer tet operator (tetO)-specific TALEs (tetTALEs) for eukaryotic gene regulation.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of tetTALEs in modulating gene expression in mammalian cells.
  • To explore the versatility of TALEs as tools in genetic engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Design and construction of tetO-specific TALEs (tetTALEs).
  • Analysis of tetTALE-tetO constellations in modified chromosomal transcription units.
  • Assessment of gene expression modulation in mammalian cells using strong promoters (EF1α and CMV).

Main Results:

  • tetTALE-silencers effectively abrogated expression from the human EF1α promoter.
  • The DNA-binding domain of tetTALE alone counteracted trans-activation by tet-trans-activators.
  • TALEs directly interfered with RNA polymerase II transcription initiation from the CMV promoter.

Conclusions:

  • TALEs are highly versatile tools for genetic engineering.
  • Engineered TALEs can function as trans-activators, trans-silencers, and competitive repressors.
  • This study demonstrates the potential of TALEs in precise control of gene expression.