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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

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Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Thyroid hormones and the heart.

Hernando Vargas-Uricoechea, Carlos Hernán Sierra-Torres

    Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation
    |November 13, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Thyroid hormones significantly impact heart function. Both excess (hyperthyroidism) and deficit (hypothyroidism) profoundly alter cardiac regulation and hemodynamics, affecting heart rate and contractility.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cardiology
    • Endocrinology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Thyroid hormones influence cardiac function through genomic and non-genomic pathways.
    • Thyroid hormone levels critically affect cardiovascular hemodynamics and cardiac function regulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the multifaceted effects of thyroid hormones on the heart.
    • To assess the clinical repercussions of thyroid dysfunction on cardiovascular health.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on thyroid hormone action in the cardiovascular system.
    • Analysis of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms influencing cardiac function.
    • Examination of clinical outcomes in hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and subclinical thyroid dysfunction.

    Main Results:

    • Hyperthyroidism increases heart rate, stroke volume, and contractility, potentially leading to tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy.
    • Hypothyroidism reduces heart rate, myocardial contractility, and relaxation, increasing afterload and decreasing preload.
    • Subclinical thyroid dysfunction, particularly in older adults, is linked to increased cardiovascular heart disease (CHD) mortality and events.

    Conclusions:

    • Thyroid hormone status is a critical determinant of cardiovascular health.
    • Both overt and subclinical thyroid dysfunction carry significant cardiovascular risks.
    • Medications like amiodarone can induce thyroid dysfunction, necessitating careful monitoring.