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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...

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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Success of Ultrasound-Guided Neuraxial Anesthesia in Cases with Difficult Anatomy

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[Seeing more : Technical innovations in regional anesthesia].

T Wiesmann¹, T Steinfeldt, T Volk

¹Klinik für Anästhesie und Intensivtherapie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Marburg, Philipps-Universität, Baldinger Str., 35033, Marburg, Deutschland, wiesmann@med.uni-marburg.de.

Der Anaesthesist

|November 16, 2014

Summary

New ultrasound technologies enhance regional anesthesia by improving needle visibility and guidance. Innovations like mechanical needle guides and compound imaging optimize procedures for better patient outcomes.

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Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Medical Imaging
Surgical Technology

Context:

Ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia is increasingly implemented.
Effective visualization and verification are critical for procedural success and patient safety.
Advancements in technology are continuously sought to refine these techniques.

Purpose:

To review and discuss recent technical innovations in ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia.
To highlight advancements in needle guidance, visibility, and ultrasound techniques.
To present current and future applications of innovative technologies in the field.

Summary:

The review covers mechanical needle guides for optimizing needle-ultrasound beam alignment.
Compound imaging enhances needle visibility, especially at steep insertion angles.
Sonoelastography improves tissue discrimination and detection of fluid volumes.
3D/4D ultrasound and experimental tools like optical reflection spectrophotometry are also discussed.

Impact:

These innovations aim to optimize regional anesthesia procedures.
Improved visualization and guidance can lead to increased procedural accuracy and safety.
The discussed technologies offer potential for enhanced clinical practice and future development.