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Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.

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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

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Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

Published on: August 18, 2015

Controversies in cardioembolic stroke.

Benjamin S Wessler¹, David M Kent

¹Predictive Analytics and Comparative Effectiveness (PACE) Center, Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies (ICRHPS), Tufts Medical Center/Tufts University School of Medicine, 800 Washington St, Box 63, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.

Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine

|November 16, 2014

Summary

Identifying cardioembolic (CE) stroke is crucial due to high recurrence risks. This review addresses key controversies in diagnosing and treating CE stroke, highlighting areas for future research.

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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

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Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

A Thrombotic Stroke Model Based On Transient Cerebral Hypoxia-ischemia

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Published on: August 18, 2015

Embolic Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion MCAO for Ischemic Stroke with Homologous Blood Clots in Rats

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Published on: September 17, 2014

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Published on: February 8, 2022

Area of Science:

Neurology
Cardiology
Stroke Medicine

Background:

Cardioembolic (CE) stroke is a significant cause of ischemic stroke, potentially underestimated.
Identifying CE stroke patients is vital for targeted therapies like anticoagulation, given their high recurrence rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current controversies in the diagnosis and treatment of cardioembolic stroke.
To identify areas requiring further research in managing CE stroke patients.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature and guidelines on cardioembolic stroke.
Discussion of unresolved clinical questions and ongoing debates.

Main Results:

Optimal cardiac testing and duration of monitoring for atrial fibrillation (AF) remain unclear.
Risk stratification for AF and appropriate anticoagulant selection are understudied.
Management strategies for patent foramen ovale as a CE source are debated.

Conclusions:

Individualized approaches to cardiac testing are necessary for CE stroke diagnosis.
Further research is needed to clarify AF monitoring, risk stratification, and management of specific CE sources like PFO.