Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Gut-Brain Axis01:22

Gut-Brain Axis

164
The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system that connects the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. This interaction is mediated through multiple pathways, including the vagus nerve, hormonal signals, immune responses, and chemical messengers produced by gut microbes.Microbial Contributions to Brain FunctionGut microbiota contributes significantly to brain function by producing neuroactive compounds. These include neuroactive compounds that influence neurotransmitters such...
164
Functions of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Functions of the Gut Microbiota

115
The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
115
Introduction to the Human Microbiota01:22

Introduction to the Human Microbiota

128
Microorganisms colonize various regions of the human body, including the mouth, nasal passages, throat, stomach, intestines, urogenital tract, and skin. The total number of microbial cells is estimated to range from 10¹³ to 10¹⁴—comparable to, or exceeding, the number of human somatic cells. This host–microbiome relationship has led to the conceptualization of humans as supraorganisms, wherein microbial communities perform vital roles in development, immunity,...
128
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

54
The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from...
54
Microbiota of the Large Intestine01:27

Microbiota of the Large Intestine

84
The large intestine hosts the most densely populated microbial ecosystem in the human body. This complex community primarily consists of anaerobic bacteria, with Bacillota (formerly Firmicutes) and Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) as the predominant groups. The distribution of these microbes varies along different sections of the large intestine, influenced by local environmental factors such as oxygen availability and nutrient composition.The cecum, located at the beginning of the large...
84
The Oral Microbiota01:27

The Oral Microbiota

63
The oral microbiome includes a complex ecosystem comprising over 700 microbial species, identified through genomic sequencing and culture-based analyses to date. This community includes a core microbiome, found universally among individuals, and a variable component influenced by environmental factors such as diet, lifestyle, and host genetics. Site-specific conditions, including oxygen gradients, pH levels, and nutrient availability, determine the spatial distribution of these microorganisms...
63

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Correction: Long COVID clinical evaluation, research and impact on society: a global expert consensus.

Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials·2025
Same author

Long COVID clinical evaluation, research and impact on society: a global expert consensus.

Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials·2025
Same author

Re: Brown, Sharma, Ardern, et al., Secular changes in the association between caloric intake, macronutrient intake and physical activity with obesity.

Obesity research & clinical practice·2016
Same author

Mechanisms of behavioral, atopic, and other reactions to artificial food colors in children.

Nutrition reviews·2013
Same author

Diet and inflammation.

Nutrition in clinical practice : official publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition·2010
Same author

Antioxidants and chemotherapy.

Alternative therapies in health and medicine·2007

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice
07:49

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice

Published on: June 2, 2022

4.0K

The gut microbiome and the brain.

Leo Galland1

  • 1Foundation for Integrated Medicine , New York, New York, USA .

Journal of Medicinal Food
|November 18, 2014
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiome influences brain health through immune, metabolic, and neural pathways. Modulating gut bacteria via diet, probiotics, or prebiotics offers therapeutic potential for neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in human health, extending to brain function.
  • Dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability can lead to inflammation impacting the central nervous system.
  • Gut microbes produce metabolites, hormones, and neurotransmitters that interact with the host.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which the gut microbiome influences brain health.
  • To explore the clinical relevance of the gut microbiome in various neurological and psychiatric disorders.
  • To identify therapeutic strategies for modulating the gut microbiome.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on gut-brain axis interactions.
  • Analysis of pathways involving bacterial components, metabolites, and neuroactive substances.
Keywords:
D-lactic acidendotoxinmicrobial endocrinologymicrobiomeprebioticsprobioticsshort-chain fatty acidstrimethylamine oxide (TMAO)

More Related Videos

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
09:18

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis

Published on: July 28, 2023

3.9K
Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

31.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice
07:49

Intracerebroventricular Delivery of Gut-Derived Microbial Metabolites in Freely Moving Mice

Published on: June 2, 2022

4.0K
A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis
09:18

A Gut-on-a-Chip Model to Study the Gut Microbiome-Nervous System Axis

Published on: July 28, 2023

3.9K
Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
11:22

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

Published on: October 15, 2019

31.6K
  • Examination of clinical evidence linking gut microbiome alterations to specific conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • Gut microbes influence the immune system, potentially causing neuroinflammation.
    • Bacterial metabolites can be neurotoxic or neuroprotective.
    • Gut bacteria produce neurotransmitters and directly signal the brain via the vagus nerve.
    • Microbiome alterations affect sleep, stress response, mood, and cognition.

    Conclusions:

    • The gut microbiome significantly impacts brain health and function through multiple interconnected mechanisms.
    • Therapeutic interventions targeting the gut microbiome, such as diet, probiotics, and prebiotics, show promise for neurological disorders.
    • Further research is warranted to fully understand and harness the gut-brain axis for clinical applications.