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Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
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Underwater optical wireless communications: depth-dependent beam refraction.

Laura J Johnson, Roger J Green, Mark S Leeson

    Applied Optics
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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Global refractive gradients in seawater impact optical wireless communication links. Careful selection of the field of view (FOV) can mitigate most pointing issues for underwater laser communication.

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    Area of Science:

    • Oceanography
    • Optical Engineering
    • Wireless Communication

    Background:

    • Seawater's refractive index varies with depth, affecting light propagation.
    • Optical wireless communication (OWC) systems face pointing challenges due to these gradients.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To quantify the pointing errors in underwater OWC links caused by seawater refractive gradients.
    • To assess the impact of these errors on a 200m communication link in the Pacific Ocean.

    Main Methods:

    • Calculated the refractive index depth profile using salinity, temperature, and pressure data.
    • Employed numerical ray tracing for a point source at various angles (10°-80°) and wavelengths (500-650 nm).
    • Simulated a 500 nm laser with a 0.57° full-angle field of view (FOV).

    Main Results:

    • Maximum end-point difference between refracted and nonrefracted paths was 0.23 m.
    • For angles >15° to the vertical, the nonrefracted receiver was outside the FOV.
    • Significant pointing issues are unlikely with appropriate FOV selection and natural light scattering.

    Conclusions:

    • Refractive gradients introduce pointing errors in underwater OWC.
    • FOV selection is critical for maintaining link connectivity.
    • Natural scattering and adaptive FOV can overcome most pointing challenges.