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Ana Sousa1, Pedro Figueiredo, Paola Zamparo

  • 11Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, PORTUGAL; 2Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, BRAZIL; 3Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, ITALY; 4Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, AUSTRALIA; and 5Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, LABIOMEP, University of Porto, Porto, PORTUGAL.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Athletes sustain maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) intensity for similar durations across swimming, rowing, running, and cycling. However, V˙O2 kinetics differ, with swimming showing a slower oxygen uptake response.

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Sports Science
  • Bioenergetics

Background:

  • Prescribing optimal training for performance enhancement requires understanding bioenergetics during high-intensity exercise.
  • Limited research exists on the time sustained and energy expenditure across different exercise modalities at maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) intensity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the time sustained at V˙O2max intensity across swimming, rowing, running, and cycling.
  • To determine oxygen uptake (V˙O2) kinetics and total energy expenditure (Etot-tlim) during these exercise modes.

Main Methods:

  • Participants (n=10 per group: swimmers, rowers, runners, cyclists) underwent incremental tests to determine V˙O2max-associated velocity/power.
  • Square wave transitions to V˙O2max intensity were used to measure time to exhaustion (Tlim-100%V˙O2max).
  • V˙O2 kinetics were analyzed using double exponential fitting, and total energy expenditure was calculated from aerobic, anaerobic lactic, and anaerobic alactic contributions.

Main Results:

  • Time to exhaustion at V˙O2max intensity was comparable across all four exercise modes (187–245 seconds).
  • Oxygen uptake (V˙O2) kinetics showed a significantly slower response in swimming (21 ± 3 s) compared to rowing (12 ± 3 s), running (10 ± 3 s), and cycling (16 ± 4 s).
  • Total energy expenditure (Etot-tlim) was similar across modes, despite a lower anaerobic lactic contribution in swimming.

Conclusions:

  • Despite variations in V˙O2 kinetics and ventilatory patterns, the time sustained at maximal oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) intensity is similar across swimming, rowing, running, and cycling.
  • This similarity is likely attributable to the comparable central and peripheral fitness levels of the athletes studied.
  • Findings provide insights for exercise prescription and performance optimization across different sports.