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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Secretory Vesicles01:05

Insulin Secretory Vesicles

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Insulin secretory vesicles release insulin to stimulate blood glucose uptake and regulate carbohydrate metabolism. When the blood glucose levels increase, glucose enters the pancreatic β-islet cells through glucose transporters. Once inside, glucose is metabolized through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP. This increase in ATP concentration closes ATP-sensitive potassium channels, leading to depolarization of the membrane and the opening of...
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Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

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Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

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The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
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Physiological Barriers01:25

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Physiological barriers are semi-permeable cellular structures restricting drug diffusion into intracellular compartments and tissues. There are six types of physiological barriers: blood endothelial, cell membrane, blood-brain, blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), blood-placenta, and blood-testis barriers.
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain
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Insulin regulates brain function, but how does it get there?

Sarah M Gray1, Rick I Meijer1, Eugene J Barrett2

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA.

Diabetes
|November 22, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin significantly impacts brain functions, including memory and metabolism. However, how insulin reaches the brain and if insulin resistance affects this process remain key unanswered questions requiring further research.

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Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier BBB: A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Research

Background:

  • The brain is a critical target for insulin action.
  • Central nervous system (CNS) insulin influences feeding, energy balance, and cognitive functions.
  • Insulin's role in Alzheimer's disease development and progression is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the importance of insulin as a CNS regulatory peptide.
  • To examine current understanding of peripheral insulin delivery to the brain.
  • To identify knowledge gaps regarding brain insulin transport and regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of accumulated findings on insulin's CNS effects.
  • Analysis of current research on peripheral insulin transport mechanisms.
  • Identification of unanswered questions in brain insulin delivery.

Main Results:

  • Insulin plays a vital role in regulating CNS functions.
  • The precise pathways for insulin delivery to the brain are not fully understood.
  • Key questions about insulin receptor mediation, regulated transport, and insulin resistance effects persist.

Conclusions:

  • Insulin is a crucial regulatory peptide in the CNS.
  • Significant gaps exist in understanding how peripheral insulin reaches and affects the brain.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate brain insulin delivery pathways and their regulation.