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Related Concept Videos

Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

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Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the...
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Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

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Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Raising expectations for subunit vaccine.

John T Schiller1, Douglas R Lowy1

  • 1Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.

The Journal of Infectious Diseases
|November 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effective single-dose subunit vaccines, like human papillomavirus virus-like particle vaccines, may be possible. Future vaccine trials should explore single-dose regimens, particularly for virus-like particle antigens.

Keywords:
HBVHPVantibodymemory B cellplasma cellprophylactic vaccinevirus-like particle

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Immunology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Multidose regimens are standard for prophylactic subunit vaccines.
  • Recent human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine trials show promise for single-dose efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential for developing effective single-dose subunit vaccines.
  • To discuss the implications of recent HPV VLP vaccine findings.
  • To consider the role of antigen structure and adjuvants in single-dose vaccine design.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent clinical trial findings for HPV VLP vaccines.
  • Discussion of immunological principles related to antigen structure and adjuvants.
  • Consideration of implications for future vaccine development strategies.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests that effective single-dose subunit vaccines may be achievable.
  • Antigen structure and adjuvant selection are critical factors for single-dose vaccine success.

Conclusions:

  • Single-dose subunit vaccines hold significant potential for public health.
  • Future vaccine trials should incorporate single-dose arms, especially for VLP-based vaccines inducing antibodies.