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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

50.1K
The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice
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Whole Mount Labeling of Cilia in the Main Olfactory System of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2014

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Dendrodendritic synapses in the mouse olfactory bulb external plexiform layer.

Dianna L Bartel1, Lorena Rela, Lawrence Hsieh

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520-8082.

The Journal of Comparative Neurology
|November 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory bulb circuits use inhibitory synapses to shape odor information. Synaptic density increases along mitral and tufted cell dendrites, enabling precise temporal coding of smells.

Keywords:
AB_10562715AB_141357AB_141596AB_1501344AB_2314341AB_2336881AB_300798AB_887717IMSR_JAX:014130dendrodendritic synapseexternal plexiform layer (EPL)gephyrinnif-0000-00314nif-0000-30467rid_000081

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Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes
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Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory System Research
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Olfactory bulb projection neurons (mitral and tufted cells, M/T) process odor information via dendrodendritic synaptic circuits in the external plexiform layer (EPL).
  • Interneurons, primarily granule cells, modulate M/T cell activity through reciprocal synapses, influencing odor signal processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synaptic properties and density within the EPL and along M/T secondary dendrites.
  • To understand how the spatial distribution of synapses affects odor information processing and temporal coding.

Main Methods:

  • Electron microscopy to analyze M/T to granule cell and granule cell to M/T dendritic synapses.
  • Gephyrin-immunoreactive (IR) puncta used as a proxy for inhibitory synapses (granule to M/T).
  • Quantitative analysis of synaptic distribution along M/T secondary dendrites and within EPL sublaminae.

Main Results:

  • M/T to granule cell synapses were equally distributed in outer and inner EPL.
  • Granule cell to M/T dendritic synapses were more prevalent in the outer EPL.
  • Gephyrin-IR synapses showed increased density distally along M/T dendrites and were heterogeneously distributed in clusters.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic location and density are critical for modulating olfactory information flow.
  • Increased synaptic density along distal M/T dendrites compensates for distance, supporting temporal coding.
  • Precise inhibitory input location is essential for temporal coding in olfactory processing.