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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Updated: Apr 12, 2026

The Subventricular Zone En-face: Wholemount Staining and Ependymal Flow
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Timing Matters: Lessons From Perinatal Neurogenesis in the Olfactory Bulb.

Teresa Liberia1, Kimberly Han1, Natalie J Spence1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

The Journal of Comparative Neurology
|March 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The timing of granule cell (GC) neurogenesis in the olfactory bulb (OB) dictates their final position and synaptic connections. This developmental timing influences how odor information is processed by projection neurons.

Keywords:
granule cellsinterneuronslocal circuitsneurogenesisolfactory bulbsynapse formation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Olfactory system research
  • Developmental neurobiology

Background:

  • Odor information processing relies on complex neural circuits in the olfactory bulb (OB).
  • Local synaptic circuits within the OB fine-tune odor coding, involving inhibitory granule cells (GCs).
  • Understanding GC organization relative to projection neuron dendrites is crucial for deciphering olfactory processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the developmental timeline of granule cells (GCs) in the olfactory bulb (OB).
  • To determine the laminar distribution and synaptogenesis patterns of GCs.
  • To elucidate how GC neurogenesis timing impacts their integration with projection neurons.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed investigation of granule cell (GC) neurogenesis timing.
  • Analysis of GC laminar distribution from embryogenesis to adulthood.
  • Examination of synaptogenesis between GCs and projection neuron dendrites.

Main Results:

  • Granule cells (GCs) exhibit a continuous developmental pattern with outside-in maturation.
  • GCs born one week post-birth show specific sublayer distribution, indicating a developmental transition.
  • Reciprocal synaptic circuit integration occurs approximately 10 days after neurogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Neurogenesis timing is a key determinant of GC anatomical configuration in the OB.
  • GC positioning influences their preferential synaptic connections with mitral or tufted cell dendrites.
  • This study provides insights into the developmental basis of olfactory information processing.