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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Viral epigenetics.

Barry I Milavetz1, Lata Balakrishnan

  • 1Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Stop 9037, 501 N. Columbia Rd., Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA, barry.milavetz@med.und.edu.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|November 26, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epigenetics, including histone modification and DNA methylation, plays a key role in DNA tumor virus life cycles and cancer cell transformation. Understanding these epigenetic mechanisms is crucial for viral infection and cancer research.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epigenetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • DNA tumor viruses (polyomavirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus, herpesvirus) are linked to cancer.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms like histone modification, nucleosome location, and DNA methylation regulate viral life cycles and cellular transformation.
  • Current research focuses on understanding the role of epigenetics in viral oncogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of epigenetics in the life cycle and cancer-causing potential of DNA tumor viruses.
  • To elucidate how epigenetic modifications influence viral gene expression and cellular transformation.
  • To highlight the common and distinct epigenetic regulatory strategies employed by different DNA tumor viruses.

Main Methods:

  • Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), ChIP-chip, and ChIP-seq for histone modifications.
  • Nuclease digestion and next-generation sequencing for nucleosome location.
  • Bisulfite sequencing and methylated DNA immunoprecipitation (MeDIP) for DNA methylation analysis.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic regulation, particularly histone acetylation, is crucial for viral gene expression.
  • DNA methylation is involved in gene silencing during latent herpesvirus infections.
  • Viral genome integration in simple tumor viruses disrupts normal regulation, leading to uncontrolled viral gene expression and cellular transformation.
  • Latency proteins and RNAs in herpesviruses also influence cellular epigenetic regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetics is a fundamental mechanism controlling DNA tumor virus behavior and oncogenesis.
  • Despite viral differences, epigenetic roles in gene expression and transformation are broadly conserved.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the specific epigenetic mechanisms driving viral oncogenesis.