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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

66
Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver.
66
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

15
Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion...
15
Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis01:30

Inhibitors of Viral Protein Synthesis

47
Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
47

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Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice
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Treating Immune-tolerant Hepatitis B.

T-C Tseng1, J-H Kao

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzuchi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzuchi Medical Foundation, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
|November 27, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection management is debated in the immune tolerance phase. Current antiviral therapies are not recommended for these patients due to low response rates and minimal disease progression risk.

Keywords:
HBVHBeAgHBsAgimmune clearanceimmune tolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer globally.
  • The natural history of HBV infection is characterized by four phases, including the immune tolerance phase.
  • Immune tolerance phase is defined by high HBV replication, normal ALT, and minimal liver disease, with low risk of fibrosis progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the current recommendations for antiviral therapy in the immune tolerance phase of HBV infection.
  • To analyze treatment response rates in immune-tolerant patients receiving antiviral therapies.
  • To discuss the need for novel therapeutic strategies targeting HBV covalently closed circular DNA.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HBV infection phases and treatment responses.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data regarding antiviral therapy in immune-tolerant HBV patients.
  • Discussion of immunological studies on HBV-specific immune responses in immune-tolerant patients.

Main Results:

  • Patients in the immune tolerance phase exhibit minimal viral evolution and slow fibrosis progression.
  • Treatment with pegylated interferon or nucleos(t)ide analogues shows low HBeAg seroconversion rates (<5% at 4 years) in immune-tolerant patients.
  • HBV-specific immune responses may be present in a subset of immune-tolerant patients, comparable to the immune clearance phase.

Conclusions:

  • Current antiviral therapy is generally not recommended for immune-tolerant HBV patients unless advanced liver fibrosis is present.
  • The low efficacy of existing treatments and minimal disease progression underscore the need for revised treatment guidelines.
  • Development of novel agents targeting covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is crucial for achieving HBV cure.