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Related Concept Videos

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

Disturbances in Heart Rhythm

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias01:29

Dysrhythmias III: Characteristics of Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are irregular heart rhythms that result from abnormal electrical activity in the heart, affecting its ability to circulate blood efficiently. Tachyarrhythmias, a subset of dysrhythmias, are characterized by abnormally fast heart rates exceeding 100 beats per minute. Here are some types of tachyarrhythmias with their distinct ECG features:Sinus Tachycardia:Sinus tachycardia presents a regular heart rhythm with an increased rate of 101-180 beats per...
736
Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias01:28

Dysrhythmias II: Classification of Tachyarrhythmias

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Tachyarrhythmias are a type of dysrhythmia where the heart rate exceeds 100 beats per minute. Here are some common types of tachyarrhythmias:Sinus TachycardiaSinus tachycardia originates from increased impulses from the sinus node, leading to an elevated heart rate. It is often triggered by stress, fever, or exercise.Patients may experience palpitations, a sensation of a racing heart, dizziness, and chest discomfort.Causes and Risk Factors: Common causes include physical exertion, emotional...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

849
Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation
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Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: February 26, 2013

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Atrial fibrillation (acute onset).

Gregory Y H Lip1, Stavros Apostolakis

  • 1University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham, UK.

BMJ Clinical Evidence
|November 29, 2014
PubMed
Summary

This systematic review examines interventions for acute atrial fibrillation (AF) within 7 days. It evaluates treatments for embolism prevention, heart rate control, and rhythm conversion in stable patients.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Clinical Medicine
  • Evidence-Based Practice

Background:

  • Acute atrial fibrillation (AF) is a recent-onset, rapid, irregular heart rhythm.
  • Risk factors include age, cardiovascular disease, alcohol, diabetes, and lung disease.
  • AF increases stroke and heart failure risk, often resolving spontaneously but sometimes requiring intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review interventions for recent-onset AF (within 7 days) in hemodynamically stable patients.
  • To assess treatments for embolism prevention, heart rate control, and sinus rhythm conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 26 studies meeting inclusion criteria.
  • Searched major databases (Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library) up to April 2014.

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High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation

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Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation
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  • Included harms alerts from FDA and MHRA.

    • Main Results:

    • Evaluated the quality of evidence for various interventions using GRADE.
    • Identified 26 relevant studies for analysis.

    Conclusions:

    • Presents effectiveness and safety data for multiple interventions.
    • Includes amiodarone, beta-blockers (atenolol, bisoprolol, carvedilol, metoprolol, nebivolol, sotalol, timolol), digoxin, diltiazem, direct current cardioversion, flecainide, propafenone, verapamil, and antithrombotic therapy.