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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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A Reporter Assay to Analyze Intronic microRNA Maturation in Mammalian Cells
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MicroRNA biogenesis and variability.

Jesús García-López, Miguel A Brieño-Enríquez, Jesús Del Mazo

    Biomolecular Concepts
    |December 2, 2014
    PubMed
    Summary

    MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules regulating gene expression through RNA interference. This review details the diverse pathways animals use to create miRNAs, impacting cell development and disease.

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small noncoding RNAs crucial for posttranscriptional gene regulation via RNA interference.
    • miRNA biogenesis involves complex pathways with alternative routes, enabling versatile gene expression control.
    • Understanding miRNA generation is key to deciphering gene regulation intricacies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the canonical and noncanonical mechanisms of miRNA biogenesis in animals.
    • To highlight the regulatory versatility and variability in miRNA production.
    • To provide insights into the role of the 'miRNome' in gene expression, cell differentiation, and development.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of established and emerging mechanisms for miRNA generation.

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  • Analysis of canonical and noncanonical miRNA biogenesis pathways.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the animal 'miRNome'.

    • Main Results:

    • Detailed description of diverse miRNA biogenesis pathways, including both standard and alternative routes.
    • Emphasis on how these pathways contribute to regulatory versatility and variability.
    • The 'miRNome' landscape offers a comprehensive view of gene expression fine-tuning.

    Conclusions:

    • The diverse mechanisms of miRNA generation contribute significantly to the complexity of gene regulation.
    • Insights into the 'miRNome' enhance understanding of normal and pathological cellular processes, including differentiation and development.
    • Further exploration of miRNA biogenesis pathways promises new therapeutic targets.