Related Experiment Video
Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Author Spotlight: A Novel 3D-Printed Titanium Implant for Minimally Invasive Treatment of Hip Dysplasia in Young Dogs
Published on: April 19, 2024
A review of canine atlantoaxial joint subluxation
C Stalin1, R Gutierrez-Quintana, K Faller
1Catherine Stalin, School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, G61 1QH, United Kingdom, Phone: +44 141 3305 848, Fax: +44 141 3303 663,
Abstract:
Atlantoaxial subluxation was first reported in dogs nearly fifty years ago. Since that time a better understanding of the aetiologies predisposing to joint laxity and instability has been achieved. Surgeons however are still trying to address the problems associated with stabilizing this joint which by nature is often required in small juvenile dogs. This review describes the various techniques used, discussing the associated benefits and complications thereby allowing the clinician to make an informed decision on the best treatment for the individual patient.
Related Concept Videos
Articulations of the Vertebral Column
Functional Classification of Joints
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility between the adjacent bones. Joints are functionally classified as a synarthrosis or immobile joint, an amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint, or as a diarthrosis, a freely moveable joint. Fibrous and cartilaginous joints can be functionally classified as either synarthroses or amphiarthroses, whereas all synovial joints are classified as diarthroses.
Synarthrosis
An...
Ankle Joint
Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints
There are two types of cartilaginous joints:
Synchondrosis
A synchondrosis ("joined by cartilage") is a cartilaginous joint where bones are connected by hyaline cartilage. Synchondrosis may be temporary...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton
The axial skeleton of the...

