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Related Concept Videos

RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

10.3K
RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
27.5K
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

8.5K
In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends01:35

Pre-mRNA Processing: Modification of pre-mRNA Ends

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a cap to the 5' end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5' phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached (7-methyl guanosine). This 5' cap helps...
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Adapting 3' Rapid Amplification of CDNA Ends to Map Transcripts in Cancer
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Adapting 3' Rapid Amplification of CDNA Ends to Map Transcripts in Cancer

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RNA editing, epitranscriptomics, and processing in cancer progression.

Keren L Witkin1, Sean E Hanlon, Jennifer A Strasburger

  • 1a Division of Cancer Biology; National Cancer Institute ; Bethesda , MD USA.

Cancer Biology & Therapy
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

RNA modifications dynamically regulate gene expression and cellular processes. Understanding epitranscriptomics and RNA processing is crucial for cancer research and developing new therapies.

Keywords:
ADARAPOBECDNA mutationsRNA modificationeditingepitranscriptomicmethylationtRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The transcriptome is dynamically regulated by RNA modifying factors.
  • RNA editing enzymes (APOBEC, ADAR) and epitranscriptomic modifiers (writers, erasers) alter RNA sequences and molecules.
  • RNA modifications impact splicing, transport, translation, and gene expression via RNA interference.

Framework:

  • A workshop focused on epitranscriptomic RNA modifications and tRNA processing in cancer progression.
  • Explored interrelationships between RNA editing, epitranscriptomics, and RNA processing.
  • Brought together chemists, virologists, RNA biologists, and cancer biologists.

Implementation:

  • Discussed enzymatic pathways regulating RNA modification activities in cancer.
  • Focused on the role of RNA modifications in cancer initiation and progression.
  • Highlighted recent studies rekindling interest in RNA modifications in health and disease.

Implications:

  • Identified major challenges and opportunities in the field of RNA modifications and cancer.
  • Outlined necessary tools, technologies, resources, and community efforts for research acceleration.
  • Emphasized the emerging roles of RNA modifications in understanding and treating cancer.