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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
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Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
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Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
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Observational Learning01:12

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms
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Context-dependent savings in procedural category learning.

Matthew J Crossley1, F Gregory Ashby2, W Todd Maddox3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States.

Brain and Cognition
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental context significantly impacts behavior change. This study demonstrates context-dependent savings in human procedural learning, showing how environment influences learning and memory.

Keywords:
Basal gangliaContextProcedural learning

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Environmental context influences intervention efficacy, seen in drug relapse and animal conditioning.
  • Context-dependent savings, where environment renews extinguished responses, is well-documented in animals but not human procedural learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To empirically demonstrate context-dependent savings in human procedural learning.
  • To provide a computational model explaining these savings, focusing on the striatum's cholinergic interneurons.

Main Methods:

  • A perceptual categorization task known to involve procedural learning was used.
  • A biologically detailed computational model was developed to account for the observed savings.

Main Results:

  • The study provides the first empirical evidence of context-dependent savings in human procedural learning.
  • The computational model highlights the critical role of cholinergic interneurons in the striatum.

Conclusions:

  • Environmental context plays a crucial role in human procedural learning and memory recall.
  • Cholinergic interneurons in the striatum are key neural substrates underlying context-dependent savings.