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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Visual content of words delays negation.

Isabel Orenes1, Carlos Santamaría1

  • 1Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.

Acta Psychologica
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Processing negated visualizable words is slower than non-visualizable ones. This suggests that negation relies on verbal codes, not visual imagery, potentially impacting cognitive processing.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Visualizable words are typically processed faster due to associated imagery.
  • Negation alters the truth value of propositions but cannot directly apply to images.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if negation processing is hindered by visualizable words.
  • To explore the role of verbal versus visual codes in negation.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted comparing reading times for negated visualizable and non-visualizable words.
  • Participants read sentences containing previously negated words.

Main Results:

  • Sentences with negated visualizable words took longer to read than those with negated non-visualizable words.
Keywords:
ImageNegationRepresentationSymbolicVisual

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  • This indicates a processing delay when negation interacts with visualizable concepts.

    • Conclusions:

    • The findings support the hypothesis that negation processing is slower for visualizable words.
    • Results suggest that a verbal code, rather than visual imagery, is primarily used for negation.