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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Color Vision01:24

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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The Retina01:32

The Retina

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The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision
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Belief states as a framework to explain extra-retinal influences in visual cortex.

Hendrikje Nienborg1, Pieter R Roelfsema2

  • 1Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.

Current Opinion in Neurobiology
|December 3, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-sensory brain activity influences sensory neuron function, impacting cognition. Large-scale neuronal recordings reveal how mental states and beliefs interact with sensory processing, particularly in the visual cortex, to support perceptual inference.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Sensory neuron activity is modulated by non-sensory factors, but their cognitive role is not fully understood.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to deciphering complex cognitive functions like perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how large-scale neuronal recordings illuminate the interplay between non-sensory influences and sensory processing.
  • To examine the relationship between extra-retinal influences, mental states, and beliefs in the primate visual cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies employing large-scale neuronal recordings in non-human primates.
  • Analysis of simultaneous neuronal activity across brain regions.
  • Focus on the visual cortex to link extra-retinal influences with perceptual beliefs.

Main Results:

  • Large-scale recordings enable examination of joint neuronal activity influenced by mental state fluctuations.
  • Evidence suggests extra-retinal influences and beliefs about the sensory world are linked in the visual cortex.
  • Theoretical frameworks explain how belief updating supports perceptual inference.

Conclusions:

  • Non-sensory influences significantly shape sensory processing and cognition.
  • Simultaneous neuronal recordings provide crucial insights into brain-wide interactions.
  • Belief state updating is a fundamental mechanism for perceptual inference.