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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Goiter01:27

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor,...
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Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 20, 2026

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Thymoma with ring calcification.

Atsushi Sano1, Mitsuaki Kawashima1

  • 1Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chigasaki Municipal Hospital, Chigasaki, Japan.

The Annals of Thoracic Surgery
|December 4, 2014
PubMed
Summary

A rare case of thymoma with ring calcification, an unusual finding in the anterior mediastinum, was successfully treated with thymectomy. This highlights the importance of surgical intervention for diagnosing and managing such rare mediastinal tumors.

Area of Science:

  • Thoracic surgery
  • Oncology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Mediastinal tumors represent a diverse group of neoplasms.
  • Thymomas, neoplasms of the thymus gland, are the most common primary mediastinal tumors.

Observation:

  • An asymptomatic 59-year-old man presented with an anterior mediastinal mass detected on chest roentgenogram.
  • Computed tomography (CT) revealed a tumor with characteristic ring calcification.

Findings:

  • Surgical resection via median sternotomy was performed.
  • Pathologic examination confirmed an encapsulated type B2 thymoma with ring calcification within the fibrous capsule.
  • Microscopic analysis indicated that the fibrous capsule itself had undergone calcification, forming a ring-like structure.

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Related Experiment Videos

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Implications:

  • Ring calcification is an exceptionally rare finding in thymomas.
  • This case underscores the diagnostic and therapeutic role of surgical thymectomy for rare mediastinal masses.
  • Further research into the pathogenesis of calcification in thymomas may be warranted.