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Related Concept Videos

Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

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The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Quantifying stochastic introgression processes in random environments with hazard rates.

Atiyo Ghosh1, Maria Conceição Serra2, Patsy Haccou1

  • 1Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9518, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands.

Theoretical Population Biology
|December 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene flow, known as introgression, is influenced by environmental changes. This study shows that environmental unpredictability significantly alters introgression risk over time, impacting gene flow between populations.

Keywords:
Branching processEnvironmental risk assessmentInvasionRandom environmentTransgene

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Population Genetics

Background:

  • Introgression, the permanent incorporation of genes between populations, is crucial for evolution.
  • Previous research identified offspring number, hybridization, and environment as key introgression risk factors, but studied them in isolation.
  • Demographic stochasticity and repeated invasion attempts have been modeled using hazard rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the hazard rate model to incorporate temporal environmental stochasticity.
  • To investigate how environmental variation influences introgression risk.
  • To understand the interplay between plant life history and environmental variation in introgression.

Main Methods:

  • Extension of the hazard rate model to include temporal environmental stochasticity.
  • Analysis of how environmental variation affects introgression dynamics.
  • Examination of plant life history parameters (e.g., flowering, survival) in relation to environmental characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Introgression risk exhibits significant temporal variation.
  • Environmental stochasticity can substantially enhance introgression risk during specific periods.
  • The impact of plant life history parameters on hazard rates is contingent upon the nature of environmental variation.

Conclusions:

  • Temporal environmental stochasticity is a critical, dynamic factor in introgression risk.
  • Understanding environmental variation is essential for predicting gene flow.
  • Plant life history traits interact with environmental unpredictability to shape introgression outcomes.