Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

596
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
596
Biofuels01:25

Biofuels

100
The microbial conversion of organic matter into biofuels holds potential as a renewable energy source. Among biofuel sources, microalgae are recognized as a highly efficient and adaptable feedstock for biodiesel production, owing to their rapid biomass accumulation, elevated lipid productivity, and capacity to proliferate in diverse aquatic systems, including freshwater, marine, and wastewater habitats. Unlike terrestrial crops, microalgae do not compete for land and can achieve significantly...
100
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

7.2K
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
7.2K
Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate01:20

Porosity and Absorption of Aggregate

1.0K
Aggregates contain pores of varying sizes; while some are completely enclosed within the particles, others open onto the surface, allowing water to penetrate. The porosity of aggregates is a major factor contributing to the overall porosity of concrete, given that aggregates constitute about three-quarters of concrete's volume.
When all pores in an aggregate are filled with water, the aggregate is considered saturated and surface-dry. If left in dry air, water will evaporate until the...
1.0K
Pozzolans01:21

Pozzolans

798
Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
Fly ash is...
798
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

695
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
695

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Coaxial temperature controlled cryoprinting: A biomimetic technology inspired by the freezing survival mechanisms of the frog Ranasylvatica.

Cryobiology·2025
Same author

High-loading hyaluronic acid hydrogel beads via reverse spherification: influenced by Ca<sup>2+</sup>-hyaluronic acid interaction.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2025
Same author

Correction: Polyhydroxyalkanoate production in Pseudomonas putida from alkanoic acids of varying lengths.

PloS one·2025
Same author

Environmental Influence on Degradation of Chitosan Bioplastics.

ACS omega·2025
Same author

Combined isochoric processes of freezing and supercooling.

NPJ science of food·2025
Same author

Dual network construction strategy of starch and calcium alginate to prepare tapioca pearls with efficiently embedded gamma-aminobutyric acid.

International journal of biological macromolecules·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor
07:30

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor

Published on: September 9, 2016

28.4K

Torrefaction of pomaces and nut shells.

Bor-Sen Chiou1, Diana Valenzuela-Medina1, Cristina Bilbao-Sainz1

  • 1Bioproduct Chemistry and Engineering, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, United States.

Bioresource Technology
|December 6, 2014
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Torrefied agricultural byproducts like grape pomace show potential for energy recovery. Temperature significantly impacts mass and energy yields, with grape pomace yielding the most energy.

Keywords:
Mass and energy yieldsNut shellsPomacesResponse surface methodologyTorrefaction

More Related Videos

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization
09:46

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Published on: May 19, 2019

8.8K
Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute
08:43

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute

Published on: July 9, 2019

9.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Apr 19, 2026

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor
07:30

Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass Residues in a Twin-screw Mixing Reactor

Published on: September 9, 2016

28.4K
Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization
09:46

Reducing Willow Wood Fuel Emission by Low Temperature Microwave Assisted Hydrothermal Carbonization

Published on: May 19, 2019

8.8K
Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute
08:43

Transformation of Organic Household Leftovers into a Peat Substitute

Published on: July 9, 2019

9.0K

Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Science
  • Biomass Energy
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Agricultural byproducts such as pomaces and shells are abundant waste streams.
  • Valorization of these byproducts can contribute to sustainable energy production.
  • Torrefaction is a promising thermochemical conversion process for biomass upgrading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the torrefaction of various agricultural byproducts (apple, grape, olive, tomato pomaces; almond, walnut shells).
  • To characterize the physical, chemical, and energetic properties of raw and torrefied biomass.
  • To optimize torrefaction conditions (temperature, time) for maximizing mass and energy yields.

Main Methods:

  • Torrefaction of byproducts in a muffle furnace at varying temperatures and times.
  • Analysis of fiber content, thermal stability, moisture, ash, elemental composition, and calorific values.
  • Application of response surface methodology with a central composite design to model yields.

Main Results:

  • Raw apple pomace exhibited high hemicellulose; grape pomace had high lignin; tomato pomace showed the highest calorific value.
  • Temperature had a greater influence on mass and energy yields than torrefaction time.
  • Grape pomace generally achieved the highest mass and energy yields after torrefaction.

Conclusions:

  • Torrefaction effectively modifies agricultural byproducts for potential energy applications.
  • Grape pomace is a suitable feedstock for torrefaction, yielding high energy recovery.
  • Energy yields can be reliably predicted from mass loss during torrefaction.