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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Modification02:32

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
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Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Epigenetic changes: the missing link.

Diego Kyburz1, Emmanuel Karouzakis2, Caroline Ospelt2

  • 1Division of Rheumatology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology
|December 8, 2014
PubMed
Summary

Epigenetic factors may bridge genetic predispositions and environmental triggers like smoking in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Understanding these epigenetic changes offers potential therapeutic strategies for ACPA-positive RA.

Keywords:
AcetylationEnvironmentEpigeneticHDACHistoneMethylationRheumatoid arthritismiRmicroRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathogenesis involves both genetic and environmental factors.
  • Gene-environment interactions, such as smoking with MHC class II alleles, are linked to anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive RA.
  • The precise molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epigenetic mechanisms.
  • To discuss evidence for epigenetic changes in RA pathogenesis.
  • To explore potential therapeutic applications of epigenetic modulation in RA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of studies on epigenetic modifications in RA.
  • Discussion of gene-environment interactions in RA etiology.

Main Results:

  • Epigenetic factors can modulate gene expression in response to environmental stimuli.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms may act as intermediaries between genetic risk and environmental exposures.
  • Evidence suggests specific epigenetic alterations are relevant to RA pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial in understanding RA development.
  • Targeting epigenetic pathways presents a promising avenue for RA therapeutics.
  • Further research into epigenetic modifications can elucidate RA pathogenesis and inform treatment strategies.